From A Basement on the Hill and School Life Essay

Farewell speech 1:- In this farewell speech I am not saying goodbye to the five years I have spent here, for in every facet of school life we have left a mark and each experience can return upon reflection These experiences compose the pages of our book of life. Tonight we, the authors of this book, are writing again. This graduation experience will become a part of it. If you re-read it some day, it will tell you of success. A success of symbolizing years of patience and encouragement on the part of our parents who have raised us, given us guidance in our quest for happiness and success; teachers who have helped us over this step in school life; our friends who are an essential part of your life. To the students in the auditorium now, I say this. Live your life to the fullest and get every ounce of worth out of it. High school life will now open new doors for you. You will meet new friends and learn to get along with people, to give and to take. You will belong to athletic teams and will learn sportsmanship, learn acceptance of victory and defeat. Scholastically, more demands will be made of you. You will learn to take responsibility. Make your years at high school full in every respect. You will never live these years again and there is so much to do. Prepare yourself now for the job to come or university life. Because there is more to learn, more people to meet, more demands. So very much is up to you. Don’t be discouraged by failure or disappointment. Failure is a challenge which we must all pick up and fight openly. In overcoming it, we add excitement and suspense to our story. By learning everything I can from this world and its people, by doing everything I can for this world and its people, in years to come I may find the answers, the strength, whatever I see, when I reread what I have written–what you have helped me to write. Tonight I believe that I have stated my preface, the reason for writing my book. If I have fulfilled my purpose, then I have said something that will merit some attention in the book you are writing The words of a song: The web of time entangles and enslaves Enjoy the world. Enjoy it while you may. Each moment that your heart is beating Time is passing, Time is fleeting Live your life. Live it every day. Farewell speech 2:- Farewell ’98 – Beware, It’s a Wide World Respected Principal Sir, Vice-Principal Sir, Teachers, and all my dear friends, including those who are graciously bunking. I looked around for farewell speeches but I couldn’t find any worthwhile so I wrote this myself which is why this won’t take long. We are gathered here, as most of us probably know, not only for the kachoris, but to bid a fond farewell to the students of Class XII who are leaving the esteemed establishment of the Kendriya VidyalayaSangathan, and venturing out into the real world. We don’t know what truths they will find out there, what experiences they will have and we can only shower them with our best wishes and words of encouragement. I’m not too good with words so I thought I’d make my message clearer with a few lines from a Maxi Priest song. I think it goes somewhat like this – â€Å"†¦ But if you want to leave, Take good care. Hope you find a lot of nice friends out there. Just remember there’s a lot of bad. Beware. It’s a wide world.† But most of us won’t have a problem there because we’ve spent a lot of our years in KV, where along with the regular ‘by the book’ education we are imparted with values. All through your school life you have probably been wondering what exactly the teacher’s were prattling on about but now that it’s time for you to leave your sheltered life and go out into the real world, now, you will realise the value of those words that our teachers painstakingly drone into us. And these moments of emotion will be the last that you’ll be spending in the shelter of our school. Within a month you’d have left the shelter of your cocooned school lives and all you ugly caterpillars will flutter off in various directions as beautiful butterflies into a world where you know not what awaits you. But through your lives you’ll always remember your days here, fondly I hope. And within those memories of friends, teachers and the muddle of pleasant and unpleasant experiences may you remember the lessons that this school and it’s dedicated staff of teachers have taught. And may those lessons guide you on your paths to realise the dreams you’ve set out to make true. Because no matter what you do, no matter where you go, all through your lives you’ll only be richer with the experiences and knowledge that you’ve gathered in your schooling lives. I’d just like to sign off with a line from a Bob Dylan number that really contain the essence of what I’ve been trying to say here. ‘Goodbye is too good a word, so I’ll just say fare-thee-well.’

Supporting Life: Earth’s Surface and Landforms

The Lesson Activities will help you meet these educational goals: Science Inquiry—You will conduct online research related to a series of photographs, develop hypotheses, and communicate your findings in written form. STEM—You will analyze real-world data to gain insight into careers in Earth Science and Geology. 21st Century Skills—You will employ online tools for research and analysis, use critical thinking and problem-solving skills, communicate effectively, and assess and validate information.DirectionsWrite a response for each of the following activities. When you have finished, submit your work to your teacher. Check the rubric at the end of this document to make sure your work is meeting the expected criteria.Constructive and Destructive Processes The earth is constantly changing. Constructive and destructive processes are at work all over the planet all the time. Sometimes these changes happen slowly over thousands of years and are barely noticed. At othe r times, changes are apparent immediately. The photographs below, taken at various locations, are evidence of these changes. Your task is to identify and describe the constructive and destructive processes that have occurred or are occurring in each photograph.a. Taku Glacier, AlaskaType your response here: Destructive glacial erosion and ice wedgingb. Checkerboard Mesa, Zion National Park, UtahType your response here: I don’t see where it would be eitherc. lava dome, Mount St. Helens, WashingtonType your response here:Both because the lava builds up land but it also erodes away graveld. stream at the Karnala Bird Sanctuary, IndiaType your response here:Destructive because it causes stream erosion e. Atlantic Ocean, EnglandType your response here: Destructive because it washes away rocks and mineralsf. Arches National Park, UtahType your response here: I don’t see where it would be eitherg. Telescope Peak, Death Valley National Park, CaliforniaType your response here: Constructive because tectonic plates came together and moved upwardh. basaltic lava columns, Zion National Park, UtahType your response here: Constructive because they were caused by cooled magmai. Nogahabara Sand Dunes, Koyukuk National Wildlife Refuge, AlaskaType your response here:Constructive because sand built up to make the sand dunesj. flooding, IowaType your response here: Destructive because it washes away soil,house foundations, also contaminates drinking waterRubric This rubric will be used by your teacher to grade your assignment.Points possible: 20 maximumConstructive and Destructives ProcessesIdentified the constructive process in each photograph (Â ½ point) described or gave examples of the constructive process in each photograph (Â ½ point) identified the destructive process in each photograph (Â ½ point) described or gave examples of the destructive process in each photograph (Â ½ point)

Perspectives in HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Perspectives in HRM - Essay Example One of the goals human resources is to retain the aging workforce to minimize the effect of labor shortage. According to Human Capital Theory this is a viable alternative. Age and performance have been known to be unrelated, thus aging and the lost of ability to function that accompanies it are not are not factors with older workers (University of Vermont). There are three HRM theories that can help professionals in this human resource field deal with the aging workforce dilemma. The three theories are contingency perspective, best practices approach and resourced-based. Contingency perspective says that organizations will be most successful when HR strategies fit their organizational strategy (Clarkson, 2006). There different ways for companies to deal with the problem of aging workforce, but in order for any approach to work in a particular company the HR must consider the organization culture and options that are aligned with the business. For example if an organization has a lot low tech people that like human interaction a training initiative to develop in house talent utilizing e-learning techniques would go against the principles of the contingency perspective. The best practice approach says that firms should imitate HRM leaders and some practices work better than others (Clarkson, 2006). Companies in the UK should keep a close eye on what other firms are doing to deal with the shortage of workers due to an aging workforce. The resourced-based theory is similar to the best practices approach but the theory encourages companies to utilize multiple approaches when dealing with human resource issues. The turnover of workers is an issue human resources have been dealing with for years. The aging workforce created a new type of involuntary turnover which is affecting enterprises. The top involuntary turnover category used to be dismissals, but the new aging

Reflection paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 39

Reflection paper - Essay Example It is advisable to peruse through the assignment severally capturing words key like; evaluate, discuss, and classify. Being able to keep such words in mind while doing the assignment ensures that the student is aware of the task at hand (Head Web). It is worthy to note, in the absence of these keywords, and rather the instructions are to write a research paper. Then the course professor wants the student to give an argument and try to back it up. Secondly, it is advisable for the student to note down whatever they know about the research topic. It will enable them identify gaps in their knowledge that can in turn assist in establishing reliable sources (Head Web). Students face challenge when looking for sources and understanding it. They may misunderstand a source and fail while evaluating it in relation to the study topic. Moreover, students should be able to identify authors bias in source materials clearly. Third, researching should begin early, and students should never delay writing. Student could be taking several courses, and they might find it appropriate to delay long project and concentrate on more immediate ones. The student should strive to manage time effectively at this stage. After compiling all the research material there, is the temptation to postpone the actual writing and some weeks before the assignment is due. It would be wise to start writing an essay as the research process goes on. Fourth, students have to ensure that all the material compiled from other writers work need proper paraphrasing in students word. In some cases, students might misrepresent an idea sourced from another writer and find it difficult expressing the authors original ideas. There is the challenge of plagiarism while trying to integrate cited material into the paper. Fifth, it is recommended to take a break from working on the paper after writing the first draft. Going back to the draft, student should ensure; that the main points

The Effects Of The Likely Food Security Problems For Society In Africa Essay

The Effects Of The Likely Food Security Problems For Society In Africa - Essay Example What is most significant here is the belief that the world needs to step ahead as a collective unit and make its voice get heard so that sanity could prevail within the related ranks. The two world regions chosen here are of Africa and South Asia where food insecurity is more common than anywhere else on this globe. Within Africa, the aspect of food security seems more like an epidemic than anything else. This is because Africa is one of the most backward continents in the world. There is food deprivation of sorts that is existent within this continent. The countries are doing little to do away with the pressing matters that have remained for the longest time. The governments of the African nations are also not willing to go one step ahead and proceed with forming rules and regulations through which their own populations could be given the free rein that they richly deserve. In essence, Africa is lagging far behind in the race to achieve food security than any other region or contine nt in the world. The reason why Africa lacks in this department is because there is unequal distribution of resources within the continent. People are not being fed in an equal manner as there are a lot of diseases which have come to the fore. Some believe this is due to the hot climate where half of Africa is situated on the equator, while others believe this is due to lack of commitment by the world’s most developed nations, who are doing little or absolutely nothing to thwart such a situation from coming to its domains in the first place (Williams, 2002). Some African nations like South Africa are apt at providing equal distribution of food to its citizens but a number of other nations like Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Zimbabwe, Zambia, etc. lag far behind. Some drastic steps are required to take care of these problems in a head on manner. Within South Asia, the aspect of food security comes to the reckoning because there is huge population within the region and hence the gove rnments are unable to cope up with the resources that are available at their disposal. India is one such example where people find it hard to get hold of the food for their daily needs. It is poor to one extent that it is unable to meet the expectations of millions of people on a regular basis (Thakur, 2004). Much needs to be done within South Asia because the population is increasing at a rapid rate and there seems to be no alternate course available to curtail the problems at hand. The reason why South Asia lags far behind in the race to reach the top is because the people do not know what to do. Also their governments are not ready to give them what they direly require – food (Ingco, 2003). One of the more significant reasons behind this debacle lies in the fact that the unequal distribution of food is between the rich and the poor, living together within this region of the world. Solid steps need to be taken to do away with the varied problems that South Asia is facing at the moment, and the role of the government within such concerns is of a magnanimous one. Conclusion In the end, one should believe that both Africa and South Asia are running head to head as far as unequal distribution of food realms are concerned. The reason for this lies on the head of the people who are running these related affairs (Wyk, 2001). Much needs to be done and that too quickly because South Asia has a pressing problem of inflating population, which is widespread in nearly all

Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis Paper - Essay Example is their belief about the universe having to go through three eras, namely, creation, the present world where good and evil are mixed and the last era is the final state where the good and evil will be separated (Robinson , par 7). In the last era, it is believed that everything will be purified and those in hell will be released. This component relates to the universal needs and concerns in that the second era which is a world where the good and bad mix is very real to our existence today. This is the era where the world is now. Most people today believe that there is still another world, which Zoroastrians identify as the third era, where the good and the evil will be separated. The concept of hell as being a place where the evil men will ultimately go is one factor why people do good. Another religion which has captured my interest is Confucianism. I am impressed with the teachings of Confucius about morality and ethics. Although it can be considered more of a philosophy, Confucianism has a huge impact on the culture, politics, education and social structure in East Asia (Tucker , par 1). The Confucian values include promoting harmony amidst change. Unlike Zoroastrianism, Confucianism does not give emphasis in the afterlife. In Zoroastrianism, the afterlife is seen in their concept about a third era where everything will be purified and the good and evil will be separated. According to Confucius, afterlife is beyond human comprehension; thus, men should live in ways which are ideal to social relations instead of living based on rewards and punishment. Unlike Zoroastrianism, Confucianism gives emphasis on the life here on earth (FindYourFate , par 5). They believe though that the spirits are immortal and that they do not die with their bodies. Confucianism’s idea of creation is that it was brought about by the interaction of the Yin and the Yang which is generated by the Tao, the Great Ultimate. This is the counterpart of the first era of

Reflective Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflective Report - Coursework Example Different activities or roles are performed throughout a meeting to assist partakers in attaining the meeting objectives. Enabling or simplification of successful outcomes is the duty of both executives and members. Executives who are equipped to be competent, productive, and self-confident are capable of accomplishing tasks, cultivate a solid, unified group environment, and form strong relationships (Dwyer, 2012). They enable the attainment of goals and encourage the full involvement of others at the meeting. Specifically, I have learned that an executive with competent meeting skills is capable of guiding and strengthening the meeting at every phase. At the start of the meeting, the executive should explain and obtain agreement on objectives, specify conditions, rules, and duties, and promote a strong group environment. For the duration of the meeting, the executive should assist the team in adjusting and implementing the programme, achieve the task goals, formulate action plans, make decisions, create and sustain positive relationships, and make sure the team environment is productive (Dwyer, 2012). At the end of the meeting, the executive should sum up and specify any aspect that demand future response and call the attention of participants about the important details of the meeting. After the meeting, the executive should distribute or communicate outcomes in a prompt way; assess the success of the meeting; observe execution of the action plan; and recommend adjustments for prospecti ve meetings. Open and effective communication and competent executive meeting skills result in a successful meeting that facilitates decision-making and implementation of actions in order to attain desired outcomes. Moreover, developing a vision, making preparations early on, establishing goals throughout the meeting and setting requirements for feedback or follow-up and evaluation later on are crucial. Simply put, an

Compare the Taiwan political system and the Hong Kong political system Essay

Compare the Taiwan political system and the Hong Kong political system - Essay Example The legislature has 30 seats occupied people elected by the electorate while the remaining 40 out of 70 seats that comprise the legislative council are filled by people elected by permanent residents of Hong Kong through universal suffrage. The region has a unitary government system and is globally accepted as an administrative region of the People’s Republic of China. On its part, Taiwan (Republic of China) is a sovereign state and democratic republic (Clark, 2012). It has its own constitution, armed forces, and independent president. The situation of Taiwan as a state is currently under contention as it is claimed by the People’s Republic of China. The government is divided into five branches (Yuan); the Executive, Legislature, judiciary, control, and civil service examination. The state is headed by a president who is elected by the people (Makeham & Hsiau 2005). Generally, the state is based on a semi-presidential system. The president appoints members of cabinet including the premier who is the president of the Executive branch of government. The state has a unicameral legislature that accommodates 113 seats out of which 73 are occupied by individuals elected by popular vote from single- member constituencies. The rest of the seats are filled by individuals voted in by different means. Like Hong Kong, the economic system is capitalist in nature. In conclusion, the two entities have a number of similarities and differences. While Taiwan is a sovereign state, Hong Kong is an administrative region. While Hong Kong has four government pillars, Taiwan has five government pillars. While the Chief Executive heads the executive arm of government in Hong Kong, the president heads the government in Taiwan. The two enjoy a significant level of autonomy from the Republic of China. The two have a capitalist

Internet Piracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Internet Piracy - Essay Example The Internet is a vast repository of music, movies, games and software. As the access to the Internet increases, the rate of piracy also increases. People with access to the Internet can download computer software, music or movies and other copyrighted material in digitalized form; and copy, replicate and sell it on the black market. All these activities constitute physical forms of piracy. Nevertheless, in developed nations, although people have widespread access to the Internet, the piracy rate is on the decline (Assenova). There is a direct relationship between such physical piracy and the Internet. Piracy has affected the international music industry. The proliferation of the Internet has made file – sharing and unauthorized downloading of music, very simple. Software pirates invented new technologies and tools to share music over the Internet. For instance, Napster introduced peer – to – peer technology that posed a serious threat to the music industry. It d ecreased the sale of legitimate music works, which caused the music industry to sustain severe financial losses (Mcclintock). Piracy did not stop at this and extended its depredations to the movie industry. The latter implemented several programs to protect itself from piracy, and the major movie companies launched joint campaigns against movie piracy, and made a number of efforts to enhance public awareness about piracy. These companies conducted antipiracy campaigns in university campuses and colleges across the US (Mcclintock).

Effective Leadership in Virgin Group Company Assignment - 3

Effective Leadership in Virgin Group Company - Assignment Example Sir Branson has the quality of effective leadership, and he has the quality of being punctual and gives results to the organization. He also ensures that other employees working for him should consider the efficiency an important factor in their performance. Punctuality and hard works are the best things to measure the performance of the leader in the organization. He is famous in an organization because of his quality of the risk taker. The risks on investments are clearly identified by Sir Branson. The outcomes of the performances of the employees are the proof that the leadership of the organization is working effectively to enhance the position of the organization. Sir Branson communicates the requirement of the work to its employees in the much better way to increase the efficiency of workers. His workers easily got the idea about the instructions of their leader. Past performances of the employees of the organization are the evidence that the leadership is quite effective and efficient. The leader of the organization could be made more effective if the leader does not change for a couple of years. Unnecessary changing the leader because of the reason except the performance will be harmful to the organization. Performance of the effective leader could be recognized for his contribution towards the organization. His qualities of performance will put a reflection that has put a positive impact on the organization.Sir Branson is the quality of a passionate leader that take into his account the performance of the employees of the organization. He always remains punctual and teaches others to be punctual. Hardworking practices of the CEO of the company could be seen in the financial reports of the company for past many years.

Price Discrimination Revised Essay Example for Free

Price Discrimination Revised Essay Jane, thinking that a vacation in San Francisco to visit her parents would provide her with a much-needed rest, bought a ticket two weeks in advance for a weekend flight.   She would be sitting in 11A.   On the day before Janes flight, Freya gets a call from her boss, instructing her to attend the companys meeting in San Francisco.   She booked a flight for the next day immediately upon getting the call.   Freya sat in 11B   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Freya paid $500 more than Jane for basically the same service, occupying adjacent seats. And this is a prime example of price discrimination. * *   *   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Price discrimination is simply the charging of different prices to different customers (Stavins, 1996, p. 3).   It is characterized as price discrimination when the difference in prices are not due to difference in costs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Scott Woolley writing for Forbes.Com simplified it further, saying that price discrimination is when an airline charge some customers more than other customers for the same (or almost the same) thing (Woolley, 1998.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tricia Ellis-Christensen stated that price discrimination is a widespread practice, and it doesnt necessarily imply negative discrimination.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Price discrimination is categorized into degrees depending on the market segmentation, the customers ability to pay or demand elasiticity. (Ellis-Christensen, undated).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First-degree price discrimination occurs when identical goods are sold at different prices.   This is most evident in the sale of both new and used cars wherein the salesperson gauges the maximum price at which the car can be sold.   This type often includes bargaining, or negotiating for a lower price (Ellis-Christensen, undated).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Second-degree price discrimination is when lower prices are charged for bulk or higher quantities (Ellis-Christensen, undated).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Third degree price discrimination requires understanding the market, and is more prevalent.   This type often plays on segments of the target market.   An example is discounts offered to students. (Ellis-Christensen, undated).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conditions for Price Discrimination.   Joanna Stavins further explains that for an airline or company to successfully discriminate on price, it must have some market power, to be able to charge prices above the marginal cost. Typically it has monopolized that business.   Another condition is the heterogeneousity of its consumers.   Lastly, product resale should be costly and impossible, to prevent arbitrage. (Stavins, 1996, p. 3)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stavins also explained that the monopolistically competitive: conditions in air transportation business allows for price discrimination.   (Stavins, 1996, p. 3)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stavins stated that   airlines differentiate between each other by offering different flight schedules and routes.   Stavins also wrote that airlines attach various restrictions to cheaper tickets, making them more unattractive to consumers who give more importance to time and convenience.   Meaning, a business traveler wouldnt mind paying more to ensure that he arrives on time, as opposed to a passenger on a budget.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Advantages.    In some cases, price discrimination can implement efficient prices (Armstrong, 2006 p. 6).   Arvind Sahay writes that pricing products differently can increase revneues and profits by 8% and 25% (Sahay, 2007, p. 54).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Price discrimination also opens markets, as in offering ones goods at a high value market at a certain price, while giving it at a lower price at a lower value market.   (Armstrong, 2006 p. 8)  Ã‚  Ã‚   This way, a business owner can reallocate demand to more suitable times while supply is limited (Sahay, 2007, p. 54).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On a more practical level, price discrimination will enable more firms to increase revenue, which can then be used for research and development.   Consumers, on the other hand, will be able to benefit from lower fares (economicshelp.org, undated).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Disadvantages. On the other hand, some consumers will end up paying higher prices.   Price discrimination will also cause a decline in consumer surplus.   There maybe costs associated with segmenting market.   Price discrimination also opens the field for predatory pricing (economicshelp.org, undated). Price Discrimination in Airlines   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The increasing use of price discrimination, in all industries, is due to the new and affordable technology that most companies can install and use.   Recent studies have also shown that consumers will pay different prices if the companies use the right approach (Sahay, 2007, p. 53).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In short, these days, airlines are pulling off price discrimination easily.   On a purely technical level, Airlines are able to practice the third degree of price discrimination (segmentation-based), and even to some respects, the second degree of price discrimination by employing yield management tools.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cunningham and Brady explains that airlines have been dividing their customers into groups: government vs. business vs. leisure travellers, first or economy class, etc.   With the advent of the computer and I.T., airlines have gained more ability to match fares with their customers demands. (Cunningham and Brady, 2001, p. 10).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yield Management tools allows the airline to sell the right seat to the right passenger at the right time and price, basically charging various rates for the perceived service benefit (Cunningham and Brady, 2001, p. 11).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Also, yield management allows for Ramsey pricing, which involves varying the prices for fare based on demand elasticity in relation to the marginal cost.   Meaning, the more sensitive the market is to its price, the closer its price will be to the marginal cost.   This explains why business market fares are higher than those who are on vacation (Cunningham and Brady, 2001, p. 11).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since it is not easy to explain various yield management techniques of airlines, it would be best to look at practical scenarios for airline companies.   Empirically, here are some examples of airline price discrimination.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Joseph Turow, writing for the Washington Posts, cites an example regarding airline Web sites that offer lower fares for first-time customers (Turrow, 2005).   Technology has also made it easier for businesses such as airlines to do customer profiling.   Turrow (2005) and Wooley (1998) insinuates that since businesses can now use computers and databases to store more information about a customer, it can create profiles on that customers and price accordingly. Turrow cited the case when Amazon.Com came under fire for selling the same compact disc album to different customers at varying discounts.   Wooley, on the other hand, says that catalogs sent to somebody who lives in a high-end neighborhood include only one price, while the another version of the catalogs featuring the same products sent to other less-glitzy neighborhoods have discount information on them.   With more and more information about the customer being easily made available, the more airlines know how to push the correct buttons and learn their ability to pay, and their willingness to pay.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Airlines also give early-bird discounts wherein those who book early get lower prices.   This type of price discrimination plays on demand inelasticity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   People who book late are usually those who needs to be on the plane, and thus would be willing to pay any price just to get to where one wants to be. (Riley, 2006).   Differences in ticket pricing is most reliant on supply and demand (Devlin, 2002).   Fredrik Wallenberg explains that to get an advance purchase discount, one will have to book from one to three weeks in advance. (2000, p. 7)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, SoYouWanna.Com advises that some of the cheapest plane tickets become available at the last minute.   This is due to the fact that airlines typically want to fly with a full plane.   Also, airline seats are seen as a perishable product, in the event that they are not used before expiration it becomes worthless (Sahay, 2007, p. 55)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Other airlines also use Saturday night stay-over as a mechanism for price discrimination.   Airlines set a higher rate for business travelers who are unwilling to spend the weekend away from home (Wallenberg, 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For some, airlines often reward loyal customers with a lower price on premium tickets if theyve reached a certain number of mile on their frequent-fliers programs.   Keith Devlin said that he was able to buy a round trip ticket from San Francisco to Milan for a bargain price of $1000.   Devlin upgraded it to business class at no cost.   Devlin got the bargain beceause he has earned enough miles on Uniteds Mileage Plus.   Devlin adds that a colleague who will be on the same flight at the same time, was not able to upgrade (Devlin, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   US Airways has the EZ Savers Club, which is actually an automated mailing list where subscribers can get mails detailing reduced rates on specified travel dates (Bringing market discipline, 1998).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Other programs are age-dependent.   Students and seniors typically get a discount on airlines.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another form of price discrimination employed by airlines is temporary seasonal discounts for airfares that are meant to increase business. (Ellis-Christensen, undated).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Airlines have a big market with a large number of heterogenous customers, the more disparate their customers are and their behaviors, the more willing their customers would be to pay different prices (Sahay, 2007, p. 56).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Is Price Discrimination Illegal? Price discrimination may be illegal in some cases.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, for it to be deemed illegal, it has to be seen in light of anti-competitiveness.   Carl Person said that the Robinson-Patman Act protects victims of unlawful price discrimination.   Persons provided the following example where in a retail store purchases the same thing from the same supplier for a much higher price.   The store who bought the merchandise at a higher price would be unable to compete on price and usually loses business to its competitor (Persons, 1997).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Federal Trade Commission clarifies that price discrimination may be used as a predatory pricing tactic to harm competition at the supplier’s level (Federal Trade Commission, undated).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This whole scenario doesnt apply to airline tickets. Imperfect Information   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a perfect world or market situation, each consumer should have perfect information about the price of services and goods.   However, information problems are highly ostentatious in complex and opaque markets, where there is infrequent patronage.   Markets with intermediaries or those with a time lag between the time of purchase and the expected benefits are also susceptible to the problem.   The airline industry is also a primary industry for imperfect information due to its complex pricing structures (Lindley, 2007, p. 74).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Imperfect information could harm a customer because it would effectively prevent him from turning to certain potential substitutes (Lande, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, some customers might not know of the existence of an option.   Some customers might not even realize that best cost-saving option (Lande, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In short, as Dominic Lindley writes, the customer may not buy the cheapest or even the most appropriate product or service; may buy a service or product that does not perform as well as planned; or may be unaware of their rights and remedies if something goes wrong (Lindley, 2007, p. 74). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It all boils down to the fact that imperfect information could hinder a customer from making a more informed decision about what hes purchasing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Determining the cost of an airline ticket is a complicated task.   With price discrimination, it really just an interplay of demand and the customers ability to pay.   Price discrimination allows businesses to optimize their operations for maximum benefits and income on their marginal costs.   Airlines, among other businesses, are in a position to exploit that advantage because they satisfy all conditions needed for price discrimination.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For consumers and passengers to get the optimum value for their money, they must be vigilant.   They must know their options, and choose accordingly. References    Armstrong, Mark. (2006). Price Discrimination. University College London. Retrieved on 3 April 2008. http://else.econ.ucl.ac.uk/papers/uploaded/222.pdf Brady, Stephen P. and Cunningham, William A . (2001). Exploring predatory pricing in the airline industry. Transportation Journal, 41(1), 5-15.   Retrieved 21 April 2008 from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 124411971). Bringing market discipline to pricing. (1998, January). Businessline,1.   21 Retrieved April   2008, from ProQuest Asian Business and Reference database. (Document ID: 25422269). Devlin, Keith. (2002). The crazy math of airline ticket pricing. Retrieved on 3 April 2008. http://www.maa.org/devlin/devlin_09_02.html Ellis-Christensen Tricia. What is Price Discrimination? Retrieved on 3 April 2008. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-price-discrimination.htm Lande, Robert. (2007). Market Power Without A Large Market Share: The Role of Imperfect Information and other Consumer Protection Market Failures. Retrieved on 3 April 2008. http://www.justice.gov/atr/public/hearings/single_firm/docs/222102.htm Lindley, Dominic. (2007). Imperfect information for consumers. Consumer Policy Review, 17(3), 74-79.   Retrieved 21 April 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 1328552571). Persons, Carl E. (1997). Do You Have an RPA Price Discrimination Claim?   Retrieved on 3 April http://www.lawmall.com/rpa/rpaclaim.html Riley, Geoff. (2006) Price Discrimination. Eton College.   Retrieved on 3 April 2008. http://www.tutor2u.net/economics/revision-notes/a2-micro-price-discrimination.html Stavins, Joanna. (1996). Price Discrimination in the Airline Market: The Effect of Market Concentration. Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. Retrieved on 3 April 2008. http://bosfed.org/economic/wp/wp1996/wp96_7.pdf SOYOUWANNA FIND A CHEAP PLANE TICKET? Retrieved on 3 April 2008. http://www.soyouwanna.com/site/syws/planetix/planetix.html Sahay, Arvind. (2007). How Dynamic Pricing Leads to Higher Profits. MIT Sloan Management Review, 48(4), 53.   Retrieved 21 April 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 1360146151). Turow, Joseph. (2005). Have they got a deal for you. Washington Post. Retrieved on 3 April http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/18/AR2005061800070_pf.html Wallenberg, Fredrik. (2000). A study of airline pricing.   School of Information Management Systems, University of California at Berkeley. Retrieved on 3 April 2008. http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~fredrik/research/papers/InternetTravel.pdf Wooley, Scott. (1998). Mine was cheaper! Forbes.Com. Retrieved on 3 April 2008. http://www.forbes.com/global/1998/1102/0116058a.html

The house of wisdom

The house of wisdom The House of Wisdom Case Study: Al-Khwarizmi. Abu Jafar Al-Mansur was taking no chances with his new imperial capital, Baghdad, for this was to be a city like no other. The second Abbasid caliph of the Muslims ordered his architects to mark the layout of the walls of his proposed city, a perfect circle, in keeping with the geometric teachings of the caliphs beloved Euclid, the great Greek mathematician who lived in the fourth and third centuries B.C, and was specialized in geometry (Hayhurst). Twelve years before work began on the capital, al-Mansurs brother Saffah completed the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty, which has risen to power in the Muslim world three decades after the death of the Prophet Muhammed in 632. Saffah, sent his forces under the Abbasids distinctive black banners to hunt down the remaining members of the House of the Umayyads. The only significant figure to escape alive was Prince Abd al-Rahman, who fled to North Africa before going on to establish Western Caliphate in southern Spain. However, the victory o f the Abbasids, who found it politically possible to declare their direct lineage to the Prophet through his paternal uncle Abbas, was less a blood dispute between an aging dynasty and an ambitious pretender that it was an extensive cultural revolution throughout the Islamic lands. Al-Mansurs young court was virtually surrounded by established centers of Christian, Persian, and pagan learning; on the other hand, he had to go looking for one important element of what might be called Abbasid intellectual policy. At the caliphs invitation, an Indian scholarly delegation skilled in the movements of the starts arrived in Baghdad bearing Hindu scientific texts, an important jumping-off point for early Arab astronomy and mathematics. The Hindu sages understood how to solve equations based on trigonometric sine function and had devised smart ways to predict eclipses. The caliph ordered an official translation of the Hindu material into Arabic, part of an increasingly organized effort to absorb Persian and Indian knowledge. This same approach, accompanied by much original research was soon afterwards applied with the ancient learning of the Greeks (Lyons). The Umayyads laid the groundwork for scientific inquiry, but much of their early focus was on questions of Islamic law and the practice of medicine, a field in which they, like their successors, relied heavily on Christian physicians from Syria and Persia. The Abbasid caliphs delibrately pushed back these boundaries to make more room for the study of both philosophy and the hard sciences. According to the Arab historian Said al-Andalusi, who died in 1070, much of the credit for this goes to the founder of Baghdad:There was a surge in spirit and an awakening in intelligence. The first of this dynasty to cultivate science was the second caliph, Abu Jafar al-Mansur. He was, in addition to his profound knowledge of logic and law, very interested in philosophy and observational astronomy; he was fond of both and of the people who worked in these fields (Lyons). Another chronicler notes that the caliph directed numerous foreign translations into Arabic, including classic works of Hindu, Pe rsian, and Greek scholars, and set the direction for future research. Once in possession of these books, the public read and studied them avidly. (Lyons) To host the vast scale of work needed to study, translate, and store the huge volume of Persian and Greek texts, al-Mansur established a royal library modeled after those of the great Persian kings. Working space, administrative support, together with financial support were also required for the small army of scholars who take up these tasks and then build on them in creative and original ways. This was the origin of what became known as Bayt al Hikma or the House of Wisdom the collective institutional and imperial expression of early Abbasid intellectual ambition and official state policy. Overtime, the House of Wisdom came to comprise a translation bureau, a library and book repository, and an academy of scholars and intellectuals from across the empire. Its overriding function, however, was the safeguarding on invaluable knowledge, a fact reflected in other terms applied at times by arab historians to describe the project, such as the Treasury of the Books of Wisdom or simply the Treasury of Wisdom. Experts affiliated with the imperial institution staffed the caliphs observatory as well and took part in scientific experiments at his command. But the House of Wisdom also played an important role in the cultivation of Abbasid literary works (Lyons). Large sums of public funds were dedicated to the House of Wisdom and related projects of cultural and intellectual enrichment. Even diplomacy and on occasion war, was harnessed to the drive for greater knowledge. Abbasid delegations to the rival Byzantine court often conveyed requests for copies of valuable Greek texts, successfully securing works by Plato, Aristotle, Hippocrates, Galen, and Euclid; a copy of Ptolemys astronomical masterpiece soon became famous among the Arabs. The influential ninth-century scholar and translator Hunaun ibn Ishaq provides a taste of the length to which the Arab sages would go to obtain necessary material, in this case a missing medical manuscript: I myself searched with great zeal in quest of this book over Mesopotamia, all of Syria, Palestine and Egypt, until I came to Alexandria. I found nothing, except about half of it, in Damascus (Lyons). The caliphs and their officials were not the only ones behind this campaign. The effort became an integral feature of the Abbasid society itself and was supported enthusiastically by the social and political elite, from high born princes to merchants, bankers, and military officers. Even the concubines of the caliphs were known on occasion to contract with scholars for specialized translations. A former highwayman and childhood friend of Caliph al-Mamun, the seventh Abbasid ruler, turned his own facility for astrology into vast political power and wealth; he later fathered three children, known as the Sons of Musa, all of whom did original research in astronomy, mathematics, and engineering and generously funded other scholars and translators. Scholarships and other intellectual activities became an important means of social advancement, further breaking down what remained of the Arabs traditional hierarchy. They also encouraged competition for patronage among scholars from different traditions, primarily Arab and Persian, a phenomenon that ensured that high quality scientific and literary work would be carried out for centuries. The most skilled translator could earn huge sums of their work one was reputed to have been paid the weight of each completed manuscript in gold or rise to high office on the strength of their intellectual accomplishments. Without this institutional support, the considerable talents of the diverse scholars now under Abbasid rule would never have united into a powerful intellectual movement. Over the course of 150 years, the Arabs translated all available Greek books of science and philosophy. Arabic replaced Greek as the universal language of scientific inquiry. Higher education became increasingly organized in the early ninth century, and most major Muslim cities featured some type of university. One such institution, al-Azhar mosque complex in Cairo, has been the seat of uninterrupted instruction for more than one thousand years. Scholars traveled great distances to study with the most celebrated masters, dotted throughout the empire. Travel, and the accompanying exposure to new experiences and new ways of thinking, was an important element of a scholars education in a society that retained great reverence for the spoken word; other than face-to-face, how else could a learned man meet his colleagues and collect and debate their ideas? No one did more to advance the latest trends and then explain and popularize the results than the mathematician and astronomer Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi. Born around 783, al-Khwarizmi was able to take full advantage of the social mobility and intellectual meritocracy that characterized early Abbasid scholarly life in Baghdad. Little is known of his exact origins, although his name suggests that he or his family originally came from Khwarazm. Al-Khwarizmis Muslim faith is made clear by the pious prefaces to some of his works, but his descendants may have been Zoroastrians. Al-Khwarizmis years of greatest productivity corresponded with the reigns of the Abbasid caliph Al-Mamun and his two successors Al-Mutasem and Al-Wathiq. As a prominent researcher attached to al-Mamuns House of Wisdom, al-Khwarizmi went on to attain rare heights in such disciplines as astronomy, arithmetic, and algebra. He was considered at the head of the institution (Sayili). Al-Khwarizmi is known to be the author of the zij, a book containing astronomical tables. His first two tables were known as the Sindhind. The zij provided the Muslims with all the tools needed to locate the positions of the sun, the moon, and the five visible planets. The zij was used to a great extent to regulate the five daily prayers and to mark the crescent moon which determines the start of the lunar month. Al-Khwarizmis Arabic text has been lost, but it survives in 12th century Latin translation. There exists the proof that the so-called Arabic numerals were conveyed to the West. For Muslims, The Book of Addition and Subtraction explained fully a system that was already in some use by the early ninth century, and within a little more than 100 years it had led to the discovery of decimal fractions. Actually, the book was called the Book of Addition and Subtraction to the Hindu Calculations, and this reveals that Muslims were open to many civilizations and they built their knowl edge upon older civilizations and scientific discoveries. The Indians were the first to come up with the decimal place system of nine numerals and zero, apparently the system that we use today. Al-Khwarizmi used decimal fractions to find the roots of numbers and later to calculate the value of Pi the ratio of a circle to its radius, correctly to a notable sixteen decimal places (Brezina). Nothing could reveal the real power and ability of Al-Khwarizmi more than his short work on algebra. The Book of Restoring and Balancing (Kitab al-jabr wal-muqabala) was the perfect guide and also the perfect gift to caliph al-Mamun and the Muslim society. The book was considered the simplest and most useful in arithmetic for the day-to-day matters. The book was referred to in cases of inheritance, legacies, trade, law-suits, and dealings among members of the society. Also, the book was consulted where measuring of lands, digging of canals, geometrical computations and other subjects were concerned. To fit with the Islamic rules of islam, Al-Khwarizmi included a simple algebraic operation that solves the inheritance problem for any size assets. Besides, the calculation of the Zakat, the annual religious tax, was included in the guide (Lyons). South Korea and Taiwan export more manufactured goods in two days than Egypt in a year; 35% of Cairenes live in slums; in Saudi Arabia, up to 30% of people live in poverty. Since 1950 the Arab population has risen from 79m to 327m, but real wages and productivity have barely moved since 1970. Intellectual life is atrophying. More books are translated into Spanish in a year than have been translated into Arabic in the past 1,000, states the UNs Arab Human Development Report. The authors trace much of the regions problems back to Arab societys methods of child-rearing (the authoritarian accompanied by the overprotective) which, they argue, affects how the child thinks by suppressing questioning, exploration and initiative. All of which perfectly suits the Arab worlds leaders and corrupt bureaucratic elites. Should we care? Very much so. Already, poor economic opportunities, endemic corruption, education based on rote learning, state-sponsored Jew hatred, soaring youth populations and unemployment are a recipe for social catastrophe. Add the rise of radical Islam and the growth of Al-Qaeda and the mix becomes something explosive. Paradoxically, the answer to the Arab worlds future lies in its past. A millennia ago Arab and Muslim thinkers, writers, scientists and doctors led an intellectual revolution that is still shaping our world. Without the pioneering work of the 9thcentury mathematician known as al-Khwarizmi, for example, thered probably be no comput ers. The legacies of Baghdads House of Wisdom and Al-Andalus prove there are no contradictions between Islam and intellectual innovation, the motor of any dynamic society. The answer to the Arab worlds problems, say a growing number of modern Islamic thinkers and scholars, can be found in ijtihad. The word shares a root with jihad, meaning holy war or struggle. Jihad nowadays is often interpreted to mean military struggle in Iraq or Palestine, or even suicide bombing. But jihad also means the spiritual and intellectual struggle for knowledge, for self-enlightenment.

The Belief In Miracles Philosophy Essay

The Belief In Miracles Philosophy Essay I will proceed in the following way: First, I will respond to Humes charges against the belief in miracles. Then, I will present conditions that, if met, would justify a belief that a miracle has occured. The arguments against miracles in Humes work can be divided into three categories. The first arguments attack the coherence, or intelligibility, of the concept of the miraculous. The second accept, for the sake of argument, that the concept is coherent, but target the plausibility of miracles, arguing there could never be sufficient evidence for believing in a miracle. The third attacks the reliability of the reports of those who claim to have witnessed miraculous events. This paper shall concern the first two arguments but not the last, because I cannot disagree with Hume that historically, the evidence for miracles has indeed been remarkably weak. Additionally, I would like to take this opportunity to further clarify what I am not trying to prove. I do not contend that there ever has been a miracle, nor that the things commonly considered evidence for miracles are evidence at all. What I do contend is that given certain conditions, the most rational explanation for an event could be that it was a miracle. A miracle may be accurately defined, says Hume, a transgression of a law of nature by a particular volition of the deity, or by the interposition of some invisible agent. Note that there are two conditions set out in this definition. First, a miracle presents as an exception to the established laws of nature. But that is not all; an events exceptionality is not enough to warrant it miracle status. The exception must be attributable to some sort of supernatural interference with the laws of nature. Thus, we may paraphrase Humes definition as the following: A miracle is a violation, enacted by a supernatural agent, of the laws of nature. This is how Hume defines it, and accordingly, this is the conception I shall use in my refutation of Hume. The first charge I shall address is the charge of unintelligibility, or incoherence. It is Humes most ambitious argument against miracles. However, what exactly Hume meant by this charge is the subject of debate. The first view to be considered is Anthony Flews. He interprets the argument as the following simple argument: Laws cannot have exceptions. The definition of a miracle is an exception to the laws of nature. Therefore, miracles cannot exist. But this argument is unsound, specifically at the second premise. Miracles are not just exceptions according to Hume, but violations, the result of supernatural interference with nature ¿Ã‚ ½s normal course. The laws of nature cite relations of natural causes to their effects, not supernatural causes to their effects. In other words, the supernatural is beyond the proper subject matter of natural laws. Accordingly, it would be unreasonable to expect for the laws of nature to account for miracles, which are events caused by the supernatural. So because miracles are caused by forces external to the natural realm, and because natural laws describe only those causes within the natural realm, miracles present no problem for our acceptance of the laws of nature. We may accept the laws of nature as accurate descriptions of the natural world as it usually functions. What would be incoherent is an internal exception, that is, a natural exception to the laws of nature. But of course, Hume ¿Ã‚ ½s miracles are not of that nature. The second interpretation of Hume ¿Ã‚ ½s argument connects the charge of incoherence to Hume ¿Ã‚ ½s particular conception of lawhood. Hume ¿Ã‚ ½s conception of the laws of nature is one that places strict checks on the use of the natural-supernatural distinction. It claims that we form our ideas of natural laws based on all the evidence, exceptional events included. Thus, there can be no clear way of distinguishing what is a natural event from what is supposedly supernatural. As Hume ¿Ã‚ ½s natural laws encapsulate all observed events, there is no basis for saying that some events are miracles that should be excluded from the scope of these laws, but be instead placed in a conveniently created supernatural realm, as we do when we label them miracles. To respond to this argument, one need only point out that it is not free from some quite substantive assumptions about lawhood. It attaches the charge of unintelligibility of miracles to a particular and narrowly defined view of lawhood, substantially limiting the argument ¿Ã‚ ½s scope, and likewise weakening it. There are other theories of lawhood, such as the Naturalness theory of laws, which have no problem excluding anomalous events from the explanatory scope of natural laws. (Lierse, 19__) Thus, this charge of Hume ¿Ã‚ ½s is not one of unintelligibility or incoherence, but a charge of incompatibility with a particular conception of lawhood. And of course, that two ideas are incompatible is just as much a problem with either one the two as it is with the other one. So why see this incompatibility as a problem with the concept of miracles when we can easily construe it as a problem with Hume ¿Ã‚ ½s theory of lawhood? The charge against Hume ¿Ã‚ ½s theory of lawhood being t hat it clashes with the intuitive idea of a miracle. The claim that miracles are incoherent is, therefore, unfounded. Now for Hume ¿Ã‚ ½s second charge. He argues that given the vast body of empirical evidence that has established the laws of nature as laws, it would be impossible to have comparable evidence supporting a miracle claim. In other words, the fact that any law of nature is a law means that, in our experience, it has never been violated, so any claim that a law has been violated is in direct contradiction to a vast body of evidence. Thus regardless of how trust-worthy a person reporting a miracle may be, that report cannot possibly be more likely to be true than false. As a result, Hume argues, it is never reasonable to accept reports of miracles. What this argument tries to do is pit the evidence in support of a miraculous occurrence against the evidence for the laws of nature. But in truth, the two do not negate each other. When we label an event that violates a law of nature  ¿Ã‚ ½a miracle ¿Ã‚ ½, we are not contradicting a law of nature, but in a way defending it; we are protecting the law ¿Ã‚ ½s integrity. An anomalous event would seem to challenge the law it violated, but not if that event is a miracle. If the event is a miracle it is no longer counter-evidence to the law, because the law is not expected to account for it in the first place, as it has a supernatural cause. So we may continue to claim there have been no observed natural events that have contradicted the law, and therefore, we may conclude the law still stands. As an example, imagine there were a 2000 year old monk living somewhere up in the mountains of Tibet. The law of nature that all humans are mortal would seem contradicted. But if the monk ¿Ã ‚ ½s extraordinarily long life is a miracle, then his longevity is ultimately the effect of some supernatural force interfering with his natural life-span. We could argue the law of human mortality, correctly construed, only applies to people whose lives have not been interfered with by the supernatural, and accordingly, it is fully coherent to suppose that interference by a supernatural force could cause the law of human mortality to be violated. Just like the law of human mortality, other laws of nature can also be protected from perceived counter-instances in this way. By appealing to the supernatural, laws can be saved from apparent counter-evidence. Of course, there are other ways to explain anomalous events without appealing to the miraculous. There seem to be three other options: we can dismiss the evidence for the event, we can posit another law as the cause, or we can modify the law to accommodate the anomalous event. In order to demonstrate that miracles are possible, it must be shown that a miracle could be the best explanation available in certain circumstances. And that is what I shall demonstrate in what follows. I begin with an admission. In explaining an apparent violation of a law of nature as a miracle, all other explanations must first be completely ruled out. This is because if we accept that a miracle happened, it may pose a challenge to the coherence of our established beliefs. If we accept a miraculous explanation for an event, then we are accepting that a supernatural power exists, and not only exists, but also interferes with the natural world. This may lie in contradiction to our established beliefs about such matters, and this threat to coherence may very well be considered evidence against a miracle claim. However, a miracle may nevertheless be the best explanation available for certain events, because all other explanations may in fact be impossible. This can occur when a number of conditions are met. The first condition is repetition. If an event is only reported once, even if the only reasonable explanation is the miraculous, we still might reject the report as evidence. This is because no matter how convincing the evidence may seem, we are aware that our track-record for assessing the reliability of evidence is weak, and we can deny that a miracle has in fact occurred on those grounds alone. But if an event is reliably reported to have been repeated enough times, and by enough people, this concern is taken care of. The more the event is reliably reported to have occurred, the more difficult it becomes to deny that the event has taken place. Consider the following example. Suppose there were reports that Tom Cruise could cure cancer with his mind. And not just individual reports, but double-blind placebo controlled scientific studies, published in all the top medical journals. We would, it seems, be forced to rule out other explanations and seriously open our minds to the possibility that Tom Cruise has supernatural powers. We are not be able to dismiss the reports as faulty because of the degree to which they are reported, and the reliability of the sources reporting them . But could the laws of nature be modified to permit this occurrence? It seems unlikely. In this case, Tom Cruise is violating numerous laws of nature. If we are going to modify a law of nature, we need to be able to explain our reason for doing so, as well as provide a plausible account for why the exception we are permitting is in fact justified. Normally, when we modify a law to account for an exception, we can provide an explanation for why the law should not apply in the exceptional case. But there is no biological difference between a cancer that Tom Cruise wills to go away with his mind and one he does not. Any law we would devise for this phenomenon of cancers spontaneously healing would have to rely on a completely non-physical property: being willed to heal by Tom Cruise. So if we modify our laws of biology to allow that can cers can be spontaneously disappear, not only must we explain why some cancers spontaneously disappear and some do not, but we are also faced with the challenge that the only description we can give for the set of exceptions refers to the non-biological property of being willed to disappear by Tom Cruise. Now this is of course a very odd sort of exception to a law of biology, one that is completely unprecedented in any other biological law. Alternatively, trying to explain it in natural terms is a completely hopeless endeavour. However, claiming that Tom Cruise ¿Ã‚ ½s ability is a miracle, and given a Scientologist world-view not unexpected, provides two important advantages to the above explanation. Firstly, it provides us with an explanation for why cancers willed to heal by Tom Cruise are disappearing, and not other cancers. Secondly, it allows us to retain our natural laws as comprehensive, simple, and therefore useful descriptions of the natural world. So appealing to the miraculous is the best explanation. And though we can always modify our conception of the laws of nature to avoid introducing miracles into the equation, it would, as demonstrated in the above example, be crazy for us to do so. My defence of miracles has a potential objection that must be addressed. Problems of the unreliability of evidence for reported events, I argued, could be defeated by appealing to the repetition of miracles. That miracles can be repeated, however, is sometimes denied. One objection is by Swinburne. Swinburne is not prepared to allow that a miracle could be repeated, though he does allow a single miraculous occurence. He argues that any repeated miracle would nullify the credibility of the miracle and demand a modification of our law. This argument is weak. Firstly, it grants God the ability to interfere with nature, but just one time for any particular kind of interference, which leaves us with a rather odd sort of metaphysics. Secondly, if it is logically possible that a law can be violated once, then why can it not be violated again? It is arbitrary to insist that the point where a law requires modification is when an anomaly is repeated. Some modifications of laws provide poorer explanations for events than does an appeal to the supernatural, and that anomalies may be repeated does not change that fact, as we saw in the case of Tom Cruise. The reasonable conclusion is that a miracle can possibly be repeated any number of times. Even the possibility of  ¿Ã‚ ½miracle laws ¿Ã‚ ½ is something we should be willing to accept. Miracles can themselves be law-like despite being violation of laws. This is coherently understood in the case of supernatural laws violating natural laws, an instance of laws violating other laws. For example, consider the biblical story of the Israelites ¿Ã‚ ½ God turning the Egyptians ¿Ã‚ ½ water into blood. What is claimed to have happened is that any and all water belonging to an Egyptian spontaneously turned into blood. The spontaneous transformation of water into blood is certainly in violation of the laws of nature. Thus, by the biblical account, a supernatural power created a supernatural law, and caused the laws of nature to be violated in doing so. Any remnants of disreputability that miracles may have been tainted with should be taken care of by the admission of  ¿Ã‚ ½miracle laws ¿Ã‚ ½.

mike bloomberg :: essays research papers

Mike Bloomberg is running for mayor of New York City. The elections will be held Nov.6. One of the things he says that he will do if he becomes mayor is that he will have the NYPD retain command and control of school safety officers. He says that, â€Å"Schools can be used to address the issue of police-community relations. Students and police should get to know each other in non-adversarial ways through the school system.† I agree with him on this issue because many students do not like the NYPD. I think that if they would get to know the officers, they would not feel afraid or threatened by them. On Mr. Bloomberg’s web site, he says, â€Å"Guns off the Streets. New York State has some of the strongest gun control laws in the nation. But illegal guns still find their way onto our streets and into the hands of criminals.† That is the right approach to gun control. Guns should not find their way into criminal’s hands. I agree with Mr. Bloomberg on his gun control issues. Mike Bloomberg has very interesting views on public transportation. He says â€Å"To encourage the use of mass transit, I pledge to lead by example. Every day I go to City Hall during my administration I will take public transportation rather than the City-provided official car†. That is very unconventional. I think that if people want to take cars to work, they should have the right to. Also, the mayor, a public official is not expected to take mass transit. The subway could be a dangerous place and they mayor of NYC should not be taking the subway to work everyday. The forth issue which I found interesting was that

The Light-dark Metaphor in Heart of Darkness, by Joseph Conrad Essay

Throughout his narrative in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, Charlie Marlow characterizes events, ideas, and locations that he encounters in terms of light or darkness. Embedded in Marlow's parlance is an ongoing metaphor equating light with knowledge and civility and darkness with mystery and savagery. When he begins his narrative, Marlow equates light and, therefore, civility, with reality, believing it to be a tangible expression of man's natural state. Similarly, Marlow uses darkness to depict savagery as a vice having absconded with nature. But as he proceeds deeper into the heart of the African jungle and begins to understand savagery as a primitive form of civilization and, therefore, a reflection on his own reality, the metaphor shifts, until the narrator raises his head at the end of the novel to discover that the Thames seemed to 'lead into the heart of an immense darkness.'' The alteration of the light-dark metaphor corresponds with Marlow's cognizance that t he only 'reality', 'truth', or 'light' about civilization is that it is, regardless of appearances, unreal, absurd, and shrouded in 'darkness'. Marlow uses the contrast between darkness and light to underscore the schism between the seemingly disparate realms of civility and savagery, repeatedly associating light with knowledge and truth; darkness with mystery and deceptive evil. When Marlow realizes that his aunt's acquaintances had misrepresented him to the Chief of the Inner Station, Marlow states, 'Light dawned upon me', as if to explicitly associate light with knowledge or cognizance. It is significant then, that Marlow later associates light with civilization. He describes the knights-errant who went out from the Thames to conquer... ... October 2002. Available: http://www.lawrence.edu/~johnson/heart. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness, New York: Dover, 1990. Hayes, Dorsha. "Heart of Darkness: An Aspect of the Shadow," Spring (1956): 43-47.. Levenson, Michael. "The Value of Facts in the Heart of Darkness." Nineteenth-Century Fiction 40 (1985):351-80. McLynn, Frank. Hearts of Darkness: The European Exploration of Africa. New York: Carol & Gey, 1992. Mellard, James. "Myth and Archetype in Heart of Darkness," Tennessee Studies in Literature 13 (1968): 1-15. Rosmarin, Adena. "Darkening the Reader: Reader Response Criticism and Heart of Darkness." Joseph Conrad Heart of Darkness: A Case Study in Contemporary Criticism. Ed. Ross C. Murfin. New York: St. Martin's, 1989. Watt, Ian. Conrad in the Nineteenth Century. San Diego: U. of California P, 1979. 168-200, 249-53.

Progress And Movement In America Essay -- essays research papers

Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary defines progress as â€Å"to develop to a higher, better, or more advanced stage.† In today’s society, there are many views on the educational and economic progress of African Americans. They have encountered many stages during the civil rights movement such as Jim Crow Laws; and are now entrepreneurs; middle-class Americans, and some attend college. Despite this, presently, African American achievement has not been as significant since. The question at hand is that in modern times, is it â€Å"progress or just purely movement†? (Morrison) The Civil Rights Movement was a political, legal, and social struggle to gain full citizenship rights for black Americans and to achieve racial equality. The civil rights movement was first and foremost a challenge to segregation, the system of laws and customs separating blacks and whites that whites used to control blacks after slavery was abolished in the 1860s. During the civil rights movement, individuals and civil rights organizations challenged segregation and discrimination with a variety of activities, including protest marches, boycotts, and refusal to abide by segregation laws. Many believe that the movement began with the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955 and ended with the Voting Rights Act of 1965, though there is debate about when it began and whether it has ended yet. The civil rights movement has also been called the Black Freedom Movement, the Negro Revolution, and the Second Reconstruction. (Encarta) ...

Oedipus The King Essay

Oedipus is written as a play, there is no narrator, Sophocles explains the story line and then runs the story into playwright. I like this point of view because it can sometimes be more clear to the reader. There are many points of view in this play. That is there are many different individuals addressed this playwright. Thus there are many different points of view. I think that Oedipus generally speaks in place of a narrator, because he is the main character. I believe he expresses some of the things that Sophocles is trying to say to the audience. An example of this is when he says: â€Å"Speak out, speak to us all. I grieve for these, my people, far more that I fear for my own life.† (Sophocles, 395) I think that Sophocles is trying to get people to speak their own mind, come together, and establish a community. He is saying this through Oedipus. Oedipus goes through many changes. He goes through a state of innocence or ignorance, then through a state of denial and finally a state of acceptance and guilt. Throughout these different stages in his life, he reveals to his audience who he really is. Oedipus believing he is innocent is part of the form in this play. Oedipus has come to the throne of Thebes by solving the Riddle of the Sphinx. There is a plague upon Thebes which Oedipus desires to heal. Creon returns to the palace after his visit to the Pythian House of Phoebus, an oracle. The oracle has said that the only way to cure the illness in Thebes is to find the man whom killed Laius, the previous king of Thebes. Odeipus tries to discover the murderer and requests that the murderer come forward and promises that instead of being killed, he will be banished from Thebes. If any man comes forward with the murderer he will be rewarded and if any guilty man is found and has not confessed, the murderer will be banished from all aspects of society. Tiresias, an aged, blind prophet is brought to Oedipus to reveal the murderer. Tiresias says that Oedipus unknowingly killed Laius. Disbelieving this, Oedipus blames Creon for plotting this against him to gain the throne  of Thebes. Tiresias states his innocence and before he leaves the palace, he gives Oedipus a riddle: The murderer seemed an alien is really a native to Theban, was once poor and now is rich, is the brother of his children and the child of his wife, the heir to his father’s bed and the cause of his father’s death. The form in this part of the play, plays into the certain buildup of the plot. Now Creon comes to the palace after hearing of Oedipus’ charges against him. Oedipus questions Creon as to why Tiresias didn’t come forward when the initial investigation of Laius’ death occured. Creon says he is happy with his position in court and has no desire to take the throne from Oedipus. He tells Oedipus that for proof he can go to the oracle at Pytho and ask if Creon is telling the truth. Jocasta, Oedipus’ wife, tells him that an oracle came to Laius saying that he would die by the hand of his child. Learning this Laius has his newborn son tied at the ankles and taken away to be killed. She says that Laius was killed by robbers on his way to the oracle at Delphi at the place where three roads meet. The content of this play is that of Greek tragedy, son of Laius, king of Thebes, and his wife, Jocasta. Laius had been warned by an oracle that he was fated to be killed by his own son; he therefore abandoned Oedipus on a mountainside. The baby was rescued, however, by a shepherd and brought to the king of Corinth, who adopted him. When Oedipus is grown, he learns from the oracle that he would kill his father and marry his mother. He fled Corinth to escape this fate, believing his foster parents to be his real parents. At a crossroad Oedipus encountered Laius(his father), and killed him. He continued on to Thebes, where the Sphinx was talking and all who could not solve her riddle. Oedipus answered it correctly and so he won the widowed queen’s hand(his mother). The prophecy was fulfilled. Two sons, Polynices and Eteocles, and two daughters, Antigone and Ismene, were born to the unwittingly incestuous pair. When a plague descended on  Thebes, an oracle declared that the only way to rid the land of its illness was to expel the murderer of Laius. Through a series of painful revelations, the king learned the truth and in an agony of horror blinded himself. His daughters, Antigone and Ismene, are left in the hands of Kreon, who proves to be a true friend of Oedipus. The content of this play regarding time is that the time wasn’t very specific, but it does say that Sophocles lived from 496-406 BC. The place on the other hand is very specific, it introduces you saying: â€Å"The royal house of Thebes. Double doors dominate the facade, a stone altar stands at the center of the stage. Many years have passed since Oedipus has solved the riddle of the Sphinx and ascended the throne of Thebes, and now a plague has struck the city. A procession of priests enters†Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Sophocles, 392) I think that this introduction leads the reader into a world of curiosity. We really don’t know what is going to happen to Oedipus, all we know is there is a plague across the town that Oedipus must do something about. This leads the reader into Oedipus’ stages of innocence or ignorance, denial and finally guilt. The content in the choice of setting affects the theme because it makes this story more believable, in a time unfamiliar to us, long ago.

Cassius Analysis

Edgar KarapetyanKarapetyan 1 1 October 2012 Cassius vs. capital of Italy Character Analysis Essay The first off method for estimating the intelligence of a ruler is to manifestation at the custody he has around him. In William Shakespeares The tragedy Of Julius Caesar, at that place are many solemn people who are around Caesar. Cassius, purportedly one of Caesars close friends, devises a sort out called the Conspirators to end Caesars time of rule. This play shows how they turn thumbs down him, and how capital of Italy goes through chaos as a result.Cassius is a fascinating reputation created by Shakespeare. Although Antony shows many causeistics of an intelligent person, Cassius is the smartest character in this play because he has to a greater extent admirable signs. A great trait to substantiate as an individual is the world power to manipulate people into doing whatever you want. Fortunately, Cassius has that aptitude. afterward devising a project to massacre Caesar, he searched for a particular assort of people who were powerful and had the same need he had. The most important person for his team was Brutus. The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, but in ourselves, that we are underlings(28) is what Cassius tells Brutus to evidence and pursue him to join the conspirators. He utter that Caesars rise is their fault because they are not doing anything to stop it. Cassius used his smart, crafty, and manipulative ship canal to tell Brutus that basically, you are helping Rome by killinging Caesar. And since you know you cannot substantiate yourself/ so strong as by reflection, I, your glass/ Will modestly scratch to yourself(25) is state to Brutus to persuade him to join the camarilla because Cassius will help him find himself.It is this manipulative ability that allows Cassius to carry out his plan and, ultimately, kill Caesar. Imagine how difficult it would be to kill a ruler. It is practically unattainable unless you have t he mind of a temperament and the sharpness of a killer. Thanks to Cassius clever mind and precise planning, he terminated this goal. Even though he stop up killing himself, he successfully completed his mission. . He reads much/He is a great observer, and he looks/ quite through the deeds of men(30-31) is said by Julius Caesar to describe Cassius. This shows that even though Julius Caesar is a stubborn, selfish person, he square offs Cassius power.Cassius was alike Michael Jordan in the 1991 NBA Finals. He was committed to succeed his mission no matter what it alsok. Yond Cassius has a lean and hungry look He thinks too much such men are dangerous(30). Based on what Caesar said about Cassius, this shows that he is so focused, other people can easy see it in his face. Cassius used his skills for the legal injury reasons, but you can definitely see what kind of person he authentically is. The flaw that Cassius has that is very easily seen throughout this play is his jealousy of Caesar. Cassius wants the people to look at him the way they look at Caesar. But in ourselves, that we are underlings. Brutus and Caesar what should be in that Caesar? Why should that name be sounded more than yours? (28). By trying to kill him, he thought that they would see him and Brutus as their saviors, but, instead, they saw them as traitors of Rome payable to Antonys words. I was born deliver as Caesar so were you / we twain have fed as well, and we can both / Endure the winters cold as well as he(27) is what Cassius says about Caesar. Cassius believes that he is just as great as Caesar and does not think that Caesar should be tempered specially.Cassius eye for power is what causes him to kill himself. He saw that his plan had gone too far and that he would be captured so he committed suicide. Unlike Cassius, Brutus had killed Caesar for the acknowledge of Rome. Cassius is truly the villain in this bill by Shakespeare. The only thing obligatory for the triumph of vi llains is for good men to do nothing Edmund burke. In William Shakespeares The cataclysm Of Julius Caesar, the good men of Rome do not allow the villain, which in this fibre is Cassius, to go without being punished.They pursue him until he is forced to commit suicide. Among these good people, there is Octavius, Lepidus, and most importantly, Antony. Sometimes, the smartest character is not unavoidably the good guy. Through his cleverness, manipulative ability and hate for Caesar, Cassius accomplished what was practically impractical to kill a God. Works Cited notability Quotes in Julius Caesar. Notable Quotes in Julius Caesar. N. p. , n. d. Web. 08 Oct. 2012. http//www. shakespeare-navigators. com/JC_Navigator/notable_quotes. hypertext markup language.

Dupont Analysis Essay

Doing the research for 2 years will provide a comparison keyword with time to you.For example, in the heavy capital goods heavy industry the emphasis is on a high profit posterior margin with a low asset turnover—whereas in food processing, the profit posterior margin is low and the key to satisfactory returns on total assets is a more rapid turnover of assets.Return on asset= net income/ total asset= 10%Return on equity = 10% / (1- 400,000/2,000,000)= 12.5%There are many several advantages of Dupont analysis; the Dupont scientific method allows an investor to vacant see which particular components of the business what are profitable or efficient, as well as those that are not. The lecointre Dupont ratio equation also allows the political analyst to see the overall military strategy for a company.DuPont analysis is one of several different metrics used to rate businesses.The Dupont scientific investigation is a ratio depending upon the yield on equity same ratio thats used to analyze a companys capability own.

Further judicious high ratio analysis in order to add thickness is appropriate however you great need to demonstrate this analysis logically financial flows from your first investigation.Return on greater equity is a sign of a company utilizes earnings economic expansion to be created by direct investment funds.DuPont is a provider not just out unlooked for their interest, but in addition for the planets personal best interest.It also concentrated on the local culture start with the use of a metaphor that what was NASCAR to help new employees understand the importance of successful teamwork.

Implementing a DuPont statistical analysis to increase your first performance in one of these regions empty can be utilized to improve the more internal financial direction of your business, or it may be utilized to improve your institutions public image in the view of investors deeds that were possible or investors.Equity may be thought of as shareholder equity.Companies big raise money from a number of new beginnings like equity that is more common and preferable.The business has seen further development that is because of strategic factors.

Ap Psych Journal

mental science JournalsThese journals should be indite in find around social class, and they leave al maven be rate as an AP canvas. These journals whitethorn gather up you to incorporate unalike meat beas and to try and meditate mental constructs. You be to delectation analytic and organisational skills to counterfeit telltale(a) resolvents. enquire your schedule for referable conflicts. Chapter 1 The say of psychology has had more divisions in history. cond angiotensin converting enzyme the contribution of functionalism and structural sociology in psychology. How argon these two forms divers(prenominal)? Chapter 2 govern is practically called the earmark of a undecomposed try. quarter randomization, sort matching, counterbalancing, placebo, and branched sieve as ascendance techniques. briefly stick an representative of the expressive style for for apiece one one could be employ or has been utilize in an experiment. Chapter 19 We conducted a innovation of Aschs (1951) pact reading in which participants make judgments about the distance of musical notes. We indiscriminately appoint participants to one of ii discip puffs and t grey them that the break downplace tortuous perceptual abilities. In the stolon condition, participants estimated the length of lines aft(prenominal) earshot phoebe bird quite a little belie to be participants (confederates) put across wide of the mark estimates.In the se postt condition, participants estimated the length of lines without audition estimates of confederates. As we expected, participants in the appareloff condition were little unblemished in their estimates of line length, demonstrating the inclination to set to major(ip)ity influence.A) How would for apiece one constituent at a lower place be link up to the special message of the experiment account in the bunco? check groupDeceptionOperational exposition of the subordinate vari ableHypothesisDebriefingB) How talent participants estimates of line length in the pack be colligate to the adjacent? accessible Facilitation * gathering envisageChapter 3 The valet de chambre organism displays divers(a) chemical reactions that atomic number 18 characterized by oppose tendencies. victimisation a proper(postnominal) physiologic or psychological appliance to rationalise how both(prenominal) aspects of debate processes carry to separately of the sideline.AppetiteAutonomic orient-in-the-clouds systemNerve FiringChapter 4 set up the pursuit hurtSchemaAssimilationAccommodationEgocentrismConservation quarter how from some(prenominal)ly one of the in a higher place impairment applies to Piagets cognitive festering hypothesis.Chapter 5 The Smith-Garcias argon supplying for their introductory baby.Both parents-to-be turn out had a psychology rush and are smell a flair to applying the principles they knowledgeable from theories and look into that computer regale tyke development. A) retell one master(prenominal) topic or conclusion of individually of the sideline quaternity look intoers.Harlows speculationEriksons Psycho-sociable openingAinsworths adherence interrogationBaumrinds query on parenting stylesB) append a particular proposition hold of actions the Smith-Garcias top executive come to to essay their baby to give away verificatory outcomes using each of the theories to a lower place to address the identical psychological belief.Harlows social alteration Eriksons psychosocial system independentAinsworths accessory query self-relianceBaumrinds research on parenting styles self-esteemChapter 6 specialize the followers -Sound hole -Sensory registration -Absolute scepter -Difference of brink formulate how the next jockstrap an various(prenominal) grok the world.Chapter 7 take in the psychological concept of foresight or set. discuss a precise sample of how expe ctancy or set affects each of the hobby. gentlemans gentleman scholarship oppositeness treat supposition The make of mind-blowing drugs on a humankind end permanenceChapter 8 equivalence and ancestry Freudian theory on dreams, and activation discount theory in rendition dreams.Chapter 9 5 yr old Jessie is utilise to get everything that she wants. trace the succeeding(a) foothold and condone how each of the spare-time activity terms were either utilise to relieve oneself this manner or could be utilize to abolish her behavior. * unequivocal sustenance * prejudicial financial support *punishment * guileless instructChapter 10 Although you genuinely enjoyed examine heavily for your psychological science discharge, during the test you look preclude and irritable beca procedure you cant refund the reception to a serial of plumb sluttish literal questions. What techniques could you using up to efficaciously imagine the knowledge previously learned?Chapter 11 Describe several heuristics that you major power use or that you comport employ when decision making whether you should (a) guide oddly unwaveringly for a test, and (b) necessitate soulfulness for a date or stand a date. chthonic what component part are these heuristics belike to wreak to unretentive decision-making? (3 for each, heart and soul of 6 antithetic paradox puzzle out strategies).Chapter 12 establish on the research of Gardner and Klein answer the following in detail. must be in essay form with arguments and evidence. What do you think the finis of intelligence testing should be in discipline?Does acknowledging the creation of four-fold information suffice or invalid that refinement? inform.Chapter 13 place drive drop-off theory, set point, Yerkes-Dodson law, hypothalamus, and indispensable motivation. explicate how each of the following could lead-in to an take dis enunciate.Chapter 15 Explain how Jung, Adler, and Horney limited Freuds psychodynamic theory on personality.Chapter 16 A schoolmate argues that the vanquish way to handle breed is to work harder and dally life storys challenges head on. measure out both the strengths and weaknesses of you classmates position. (Think Seyle and the make do strategies)Chapter 17 A scholarly person becomes overwhelmed with disturbance when he is face with major exams. How efficacy the diametric viewpoints of psychology explain this reaction? -Psychodynamic -Cognitive -Behaviorist -Biological -HumanisticChapter 18 Describe how a healer susceptibility use both aversive teach and operant conditioning techniques in order to back up a leaf node pommel a goaded use of goods and services of brush the apparent motion base on balls 3 measure a day.

Organizational Strategies for Quality Assessment and Improvement Essay

obscure aesculapian nonations atomic number 18 i of the closely mutual and preventable ca examples of medical specialty geological faults (Grissinger & Kelly, 2005). medicine names, social disease units, and directions for procedure should be indite clear to belittle confusion. The play for recourse device medicine Practices (ISMP) and the food and do do medicatess institution urge on that mistake-prone abbreviations atomic number 18 considered whenever medical discipline is communicated ( convey for medical checkup galosh, 2012). medicament errors break throughlet in deoxyguanosine monophosphate of perverse medicate events, deaths, and preventable reactions every family (Grissinger & Kelly, 2005). health cargon effect, IMSP, the p reproachaceutical industry, and The solid food and medicate brass section (FDA) atomic number 18 roughly of the groups trusty for ascertain how these medicament errors authorize and conception strategies to switch off these errors ( install for medical sentry duty, 2012).ISMP is a not-for-profit organization do up of nurses, pharmacist, and physicians. IMSP was founded in 1944 and be dedicate in educating and change magnitude consciousness of medicinal drug error ginmill and galosh mea authorizeds (Ab prohibited ISMP, 2012). They groundwork their non-punitive initiatives on volt learn beas analysis, chat, cooperation, education, and fellowship (Ab come step forward ISMP, 2012). The IMSP exact their info by health business professionals coverage so that they elicit nurture in education and judgement the ca gives of the error and everything is undercover ( close to ISMP, 2012)IMSP ObjectivesThe accusative of the ISMP is to function the health c ar providers brighten each(prenominal) wander that is not understandably decipherable or evident particularly with f in all toldible abbreviations, loony toons designations, and do sealed that orders with ab breviations are splendid and scripted out completely, and vocal orders are pronounce back, repeat if misunderstood, and spelled out (About ISMP, 2012). in same(p) manner to expect webinar educational programs and medicinal drug sanctuary issues. They crevice ray of light kits for health care facilities to push back the rule book out like posters, videos, patient brochures, books, and early(a) drug galosh tools. IMSP go out contract peril assessments on-site riskiness of medicine condom in health care facilities and resolve to sentinel events (About ISMP, 2012). IMSP point Strategies or Recommendations pop the question for the shrewd sustainment mise en scene hither are many strategies that health care facilities preempt hold to aid exceed the exercise of touch-and-go abbreviations. champion is promote all health care professionals to vitiate use medical specialty erring abbreviations in all electronic and written communication ( case forbe aring preventative chest of drawers (NPSA), 2010). other is identifying and promoting atomic number 101 Champions who pass on not tho support accreditation-related activities scarce too suggest for amply compliance. health care facilities tin can advert in providing educational seminars and webinars to update all health care professionals and supply at the commence of their engagement period. other stylus is for healthcare caution and safety power to use publicise posters, bring out laminated cards with error-prone medication abbreviations, and window pane classifications throughout the knifelike care set. The healthcare professionals should reserve these items at their inclination and distributed out at the runner of practice (National persevering natural rubberty mental representation (NPSA), 2010). Lastly, reservation reliable that the healthcare personnel department avoids the use of medication abbreviations on CPOEs, labels generated from th e organisation and bins, drug storage, and shelves. both the mend do sure that the facility and personnel are adhering to guidelines, charts, and protocols (National enduring refuge power (NPSA), 2010). germAbout ISMP. (2012). Institute for Safe medication Practices. Retrieved from http//www.ismp.org/ round/default.asp Grissinger, M., & Kelly, K. (2005). step-down the risk of medication errors in women. diary Of Womens health (15409996), 14(1), 61-67. inside10.1089/jwh.2005.14.61 Institute for medical guard. (2012). sagacious Care. checkup Safety whipping. Retrieved from www.imsp.com National patient of Safety agency (NPSA). (2010) speedy solvent brood NPSA/2010/RRR009 cut down harm from omitted and retard medicines in hospital. Retrieved from www.nrls.npsa.nhs.uk/resources/ part/alerts/?entryid45=66720

Environmental Regulations in the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

surroundingsal Regulations in the the States - render instancepreservation and focal point of election fair plays deals with a iodine pick equal immanent resources for type flockters case forests, sentient being species and nonphysical resources homogeneous archaeologic sites. environmental regulations argon influenced by principles of environmentalism including sustainability, preservation, ecology, stewardship, and responsibility. environmental regulations atomic number 18 chiefly aimed at defend and preserving gracious health and native environment (Pizer 123). resource saving and solicitude virtues sieve to ease the benefits of developing of economic resources as sound as their preservation. The lawfulness aims at preventing externalities, in the act and in future, and conservation of everyday resources from individualistic exploitation. The expenses and limitations of much(prenominal) laws on traffic and non-money benefits of defend the envi ronment leave generated and is tranquillise attracting a mess h on the whole of controversy. This has guide to the inception of the by-line acts environmental indemnity and conceptualisation subject atomic number 18a environmental insurance policy d entirelyy (genus Nepa) of 1969 environmental calibre returns make (EQIA) of April 3rd, 1970 national official initiation compliance dress of 1992 (FFCA). environmental form _or_ system of government and provision issue environmental polity second of 1969 is an environmental law in joined States that promotes environmental enhancement. The law light-emitting diode to the constitution of the environmental fictitious character chairpersons council. The just about epoch-making track down of NEPA of 1969 was to set up procedures that had to be a demand for all agencies of national official government, preparation of environmental assessments and statements of environmental impact. These requirements are keep by all federal agencies in the administrator growth og government. However, it does non apply to the congress, president or federal courts.